Longest reigns

The following is a survey of the longest reigns among the reigning monarchs. After the Kingdom of Nepal was abolished on 28 May 2008 and after the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, a religious monarchy, ceased to exist in the fall of 2001, there are today 44 monarchies in the world. Queen Elizabeth II is head of state of 16 of them. If the monarch in question has reigned in several (different) periods, only the last reign will count.

Footnotes

1. The Queen of the United Kingdom is also Queen of the following Commonwealth countries: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, St.Lucia, St.Vincent & the Grenadines, Antigua & Barbuda, Belize and St.Kitts and Nevis, i.e. 15 countries.
2. Cf. The Brunei Government's Official Website (url http://www.brunei.gov.bn/government/index.htm now closed),
3. Cf. The Brunei Government's Official Website (url http://www.crownprince.gov.bn/ not working at present), «10 August, 1998, corresponding to 17 Rabiulakhir, 1419 Hijriah in the Islamic Calendar was a historic event for Brunei Darussalam. The date marked the Royal Proclamation of His Royal Highness Prince Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah as the Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam.»
4. Indlovukazi Dzeliwe became Queen Regent and Head of State upon the death of King Sobhuza II on 21 August 1982. Prince Makhosetive (meaning «King of All Nations») was formally installed as King Mswati III at his enthronement on 25 April 1986 when he had reached his age of majority. According to Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. II, p. 214, «The title of the Kings of Swaziland is Ngwenyama (The Lion) and their power is always shared with a Queen Mother, who has the title of Ndlovukazi (The Lady Elephant). If a King's actual mother dies, an aunt or other close relation of the same clan is appointed to fill the office. The heir to the throne is only chosen after a King's death from among his younger sons (the eldest is never chosen) and must have no full brothers, nor be left-handed.»
5. King Letsie III has also reigned from 12 Nov 1990 to 25 Jan 1995, when he abdicated in favour of his father. King Moeshoeshoe died on 15 Jan 1996. The College of Chiefs decided on 18 Jan 1996 that Letsie should succeed his father. His succession is counted from his installation date, cf. Almanach de Bruxelles. He was crowned on 31 October 1997.
6. Cf. Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. II, p. 157, King Letsie was referred to as «Prin Chief-designate of Matsieng and Heir Apparent». But at the official Lesotho page, we are told that «He was installed as the Principal Chief of Matsieng on December 16, 1989». It is unknown to me if a new Principal Chief of Matsient has been appointed after Letsie III succeeded.
7. HRH Prince Hamzah Bin Hussein, b. 29 March 1980, was Heir Apparent with the title Crown Prince («Wali al-Ahd») from 7 Feb 1999 until 28 November 2004, when King Abdullah by decree and by letter to his younger half-brother decided to deprive him of his title and position. In accordance with the Constitution Art. 28 the King's son, Prince Hussein, automatically became Heir Apparent, although this might change if the King decides to appoint another brother of his as Crown Prince.
8. Bahrain was transformed from an emirate to a kingdom on 14 Februar 2002, cf. Royal Order No. 1/2002 («Royal Order on the Kingdom of Bahrain», translation published in The Bahrain Tribune 15 February 2002).
9. Enthronement 30 July 1999, cf. his biography at Mincom.gov.ma (url http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/hismajesty/SM_MedVI.html now closed).
10. Please note that Andorra, being a co-principality, is counted twice. The Bishop of Urgell and President of the French Republic are both Co-Princes. See the Wikipedia article on the Co-Princes of Andorra for more details.
11. HE Joan Enric Vives Sicilia (b. 24 July 1949) was on 25 June 2001 appointed as Coadjutor Bishop of Urgell, which meant that he would succeed the then Bishop of Urgell, Joan Martí Alanis (b. 29 Nov 1928), now Archbishop ad personam, as Bishop and Co-Prince on his retirement or death. The Pope accepted Martí's resignment on 12 May 2003 and Vives was appointed as the new Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra. Martí reigned as Co-Prince of Andorra from 31 Jan 1971 to 12 May 2003.
12. Cambodia is an elective monarchy, cf. the Constitution Art. 10. The Royal Council of the Throne makes the election, and according to Article 14 «The King of Cambodia shall be a member of the Royal family, of at least 30 years, descending from the blood line of King Ang Duong, King Norodom or King Sisowath».
13. The United Arab Emirates is a federation of monarchies. The title «president» is somewhat misleading, as the head of state of the federation is «president» of the Supreme Council of Rulers, i.e. he is the presiding ruler among seven co-equal emirs. The president of the UAE is elected for a five-year period. Sheikh Khalifa's father Sheikh Zayed was President from 1971 to his death in 2004.
14. The Vice President does not get (automatically) promoted when the President resigns or dies. The former Vice President was elected the first time in 1990 when his father died, but only served as acting President when Sheikh Zayed died on 2 November 2004 until Sheikh Khalifa was elected as new President the day after.
In reality only the rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai are elected as President and Vice President repsectively, reflecting their emirates' dominating position in the union. According to his official website, HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum was elected Vice President of the UAE by the Supreme Council on Friday 6 January 2006, 2 days after his brother, Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, had died while on vacation in Australia.
15. HRH Hereditary Prince Jacques, Marquis of Baux, became first in line of succession to the Princely Throne of Monaco the very second he was born on 10 December 2014. He has an elder twin sister, Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès, but the Constitution Article 10 stipulates succession "by order of primogeniture with priority given to males within the same degree of kinship".
16. HM King Jigme Singye Wangchuk issued on 9 December 2006 a royal kasho where he handed over his responsibilities as Monarch and head of state of Bhutan to his eldest son Crown Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. According to Kuenselonline.com 15 December 2006 the formal transition took place on 14 December 2006, when Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk assumed the full responsibilities as head of state as the 5th Druk Gyalpo (King) of Bhutan.
17. Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi was selected as Head of State by the parliament on Friday 16 June 2007, cf. Pacific Magazine Monday 18 June 2007. The election was officially confirmed by the Parliament on 18 June 2007 and the new head of statet was sworn in on 20 June 2007.
18. HH O le Ao o le Malö (Head of State) Malietoa Tanumafili II, b. 4 Jan 1912, passed away peacefully at the Tupua Tamasese Meaole Memorial Hospital, Samoa, at 6.45 PM, Friday, 11 May 2007.
Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole and Malietoa Tanumafili II assumed jointly on the Independence Day 1 January 1962 the office of Head of State. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died on 5 April 1963 and Malietoa Tanumafili II reigned alone since that date. The Constitution says that upon his death, the head of state will be elected every fifth year. Part III article 18 paragraph 2 of the Constitution says among others that «A person shall not be qualified to be elected to the office of Head of State - (a) If he is not a person qualified to be elected as a Member of Parliament; or (b) If he does not possess such other qualifications as the Legislative Assembly may determine from time to time by resolution; [...]». Samoan law (Constitution and Electoral act) stipulates that only holders of Matai (noble) titles, with the exception of 2 seats, can be elected to Parliament (http://www.parliament.gov.ws/general.cfm). It is also an understanding that the office of Head of State should only be held by the holder of one of the four royal titles of Samoa (as confirmed by the Samoan Ambassador to Brussels in 2006, to Lukasz Szkopinski, Asian Royals Message Board, 15 May 2007) - Malietoa, Tamasese, Tuimaleali'ifano or Mata'afa; so even though the head of state is not titled king and Samoa is not defined as a monarchy in its official name ("The Independent State of Samoa"), it is in all but name an elective monarchy, and is therefore listed, at least for now, in the survey «Longest reigns».
19. Until the new reign name is announced, I have decided to give his name in full, i.e. H.M. 'Aho'eitu 'Unuaki-'o-Tonga Tuku'aho Tupou VI.
20. HM King George Tupou V, b. 4 May 1948, died at Hong Kong at 3 p.m. on 18 March 2012, cf. the announcement of the Tonga Government Portal. Ministry of Information & Communications 19 March 2012.
21. 30 April 2013. Koningin ondertekent Akte van Abdicatie cf. also the text of the abdication document, Akte van Abdikatie.
22. Al Jazeera 25 June 2013: Qatar's emir transfers power to son.
23. Cf. Article 8 of the Constitution of Qatar: «The rule of the State is hereditary in the family of Al Thani and in the line of the male descendants of Hamad Bin Khalifa Bin Hamad Bin Abdullah Bin Jassim. The rule shall be inherited by the son named as Heir Apparent by the Emir. In the case that there is no such son, the prerogatives of rule shall pass to the member of the family named by the Emir as Heir Apparent. In this case, his male descendants shall inherit the rule. The provisions of the rule of the State and accession shall be determined by a special law that shall be issued within a year commencing as from the date of coming into force of this Constitution. This law shall have the power of the Constitution.» (cf. the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Qatar.)
24. The Belgian Constitution Article 90 Paragraph 2 says that «From the moment of the King's death and until the taking of oath by his successor to the throne or by the Regent, the King's constitutional powers are exercised, in the name of the Belgian people, by the Council of Ministers, and under their responsibility.» In the following Article 91 Paragraph 2 we learn that «The King may accede to the throne only after having taken the following oath before the united Houses [...]». In this context the king or reigning queen who abdicates is regarded as «legally dead». The abdication ceremony for King Albert II took place on 21 June 2013 at 10.30, while the swearing in ceremony for Philippe started at noon the same day. The time the government exercised the King's constitutional powers was in other words rather short.
25. King Juan Carlos announced on 2 June 2014 in form of a signed letter to the prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, his decision to abdicate. The Act of Abdication was signed by the Congress of Deputies on 11 June and the Senate on 17 June 2014. On June 18th the act was signed into law by King Juan Carlos, and the act then came into force "as from the date of its publication in the Official State Gazette", i.e. 19 June 2014.
26. Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was appointed Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia by royal decree of 21 June 2017, replacing Prince Mohammed bin Nayef bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, b. 1959, who had held the position from 29 April 2015.
27. In accordance with the Constitution of Thailand, Prem Tinsulanonda, as president of the Privy Council, became Regent pro tempore upon the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej om 13 October 2016. The designated heir, the late king's eldest son, Crown Prince Vajiralongkor, b. 28 Jul 1952, who received the title «Somdech Phra Boroma Orasadhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman» on December 28, 1972, making him the Crown Prince and heir to the throne, informed the government that he wanted some time to mourn with the people. The national assembly's formal invitation to ascend the throne and be proclaimed king was therefore been put on hold. See the article«Prem becomes Regent pro tempore», Bangkok Post 14 October 2016. Vajiralongkorn then succeeded to the throne on 1 December 2016 after having formally accepted an invitation to ascend the throne from the National Legislative Assembly president, cf. «Crown Prince becomes King», Bangkok Post 1 December 2016. See also «Thai Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn proclaimed king», BBC News 1 December 2016.
28. The succession to the throne of Thailand seems to be a bit unclear at the moment. King Vajiralongkorn will in due time have to appoint an heir in accordance with the 1924 Palace succession law. The Draft Constitution, which hopefully will soon come into force, leaves it to the king to amend the succession law. See also the Wikipedia article about the succession law.
29. The Malaysian throne is elective and rotating among the sultans of the member states of the Federation ( Alt.talk.royalty FAQ ), cf. Art. 38 of the Constitution.
30. Sultan Abdu'llah bin Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah al-Mustain Billah of Pahang (other sources write the name as Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah) was elected by the Conference of Rulers as the new King of Malaysia on 24 January 2019, cf. The Star 24 January 2019, «Congratulations pour in for Pahang Sultan after being elected King». He took office following the swearing-in ceremony in Kuala Lumpur on 31 January 2019, cf. The Straits Times 31 January 2019, «Pahang's Sultan Abdullah sworn in as Malaysia's King after historic abdication of predecessor».
    His predecessor, Muhammad V, the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, abdicated the throne on 6 January 2018, cf. The Star 6 January 2018, «Sultan Muhammad V steps down as Agong» and The Telegraph, «King of Malaysia abdicates amid rumours of marriage to ex-Russian beauty queen». Muhammad V of Kelantan, the Sultan of Kelantan, was elected the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the Conference of Rulers held on 14 October 2016. He was sworn in on 13 Dec 2016, cf. Channel NewsAsia 14 October 2016 and BBC News 13 December 2016. The Deputy King was acting King until the new king was elected by the Conference of Rulers.
31. The Sultan of Perak is styled Royal Highness. The position of Deputy King gives no special style. The Sultan was re-elected as Deputy King (Deputy Head of State) on 24 January 2019.
32. Following the expressed wishes of Emperor Akihito, the National Diet on 8 June 2017 passed a bill allowing the emperor to abdicate. A special panel decided on 1 December 2017 that the abdication would take place on 30 April 2019. Emperor Akihito declared his abdication in a historic ceremony at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo at 5 p.m. local time. According to BBC News, «Akihito technically remained emperor until midnight (15:00 GMT on Tuesday)». Naruhito ascended the throne from midnight 1 May 2019 local time and thus became the 126th Emperor of Japan. The Koreiden-Shinden-ni-Hokoku-no-gi, which is the «rite of reporting the accession to the throne» was sceduled to take place at the Imperial Sanctuaries (Koreiden and Shinden) later on 1 May 2019. A enthronement ceremony will follow in the fall of 2019.
33. The Basic Statute of the State of Oman Article 5 states that «the system of government is 'Royal' and hereditary in the male descendants of Sayyid Turki bin Said bin Sultan (the great-great-grandfather of His Majesty) and that the successor to the throne shall be a Muslim, of sound mind, and the legitimate son of Omani Muslim parentage. The following article stipulates that the successor will be chosen by the Ruling Family Council within three days of the throne falling vacant. If the Ruling Family Council cannot agree on the choice of successor, the Defence Council shall confirm the appointment of the person designated by the Sultan in his letter to the Ruling Family Council.» (from the url http://www.omanet.com/his_majesty_sultan.htm now closed. See also Mola.gov.om./Nen.pdf (Web.archive.net)).
34. HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait since 29 January 2006, died in Minnesota, USA on 29 September 2020. His half-brother HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, who had been Crown Prince since 8 Feburyar 2006, became the new Emir on 30 September 2020 after taking the oath.
35. Article 4 of the Constitution says: «Kuwait is a hereditary Amirate, the succession to which shall be in the descendants of the late Mubarak al-Sabah.
    * The Heir Apparent shall be designated within one year, at the latest, from the date of accession of the Amir.
    * His designation shall be effected by an Amiri Order upon the nomination of the Amir and the approval of the National Assembly which shall be signified by a majarity vote of its members in a special sitting.
    * In case no designation is achieved in accordance with the foregoing procedure, the Amir shall nominate at least three of the descendants of the late Mubarak al-Sabah of whom the National Assembly shall pledge allegiance to one as Heir Apparent.
    * The Heir Apparent shall have attained his majority, be of sound mind, and a legitimate son of Muslim parents.
    * A special law promulgated within one year from the date of coming into force of this Constitution shall lay down the other rules of succession in the Amirate. The said law shall be of a constitutional nature and therefore shall be capable of amendment only by the procedure prescribed for amendment of the Constitution.»

    As of 30 September 2020, the new heir apparent has yet to be designated.

• Monarchs of the World. In Order of Date of Accession to the Throne (another version)

Sources and references

Al Jazeera 25 October 2011: Saudi heir buried amid succession questions.

Al Jazeera 28 October 2011: Saudi Arabia names new crown prince.

Al Jazeera 16 June 2012: Saudi heir apparent Prince Nayef dead.

Al Jazeera 18 June 2012: Saudi crown prince laid to rest in Mecca.

Al Jazeera 19 June 2012: Prince Salman named Saudi crown prince.

Al Jazeera 25 June 2013: Qatar's emir transfers power to son.

All Africa Press Service 5 Feb 1996.

Almanach de Bruxelles, Internet page, http://www.almanach.be/

Almanach de Gotha 2000, London: Almanach de Gotha Ltd., 2000.

Alt.talk.royalty FAQ, Internet page, http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/atrfaq.htm.

The Arab Times 8 Feb 2006 (url http://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/Viewdet.asp?ID=6786&cat=a now closed): 'Amir nominates Sheikh Nawaf Crown Prince, appoints Sheikh Nasser PM; Composition of Cabinet real challenge: Baghli'

Associated Press News bulletin 8 May 2003 concerning the birth of Prince Moulay Hassan of Morocco (the first child of the King) the same day.

Bahrain Government Website, http://www.bahrain.gov.bh/

The Bahrain Tribune 15 Feb 2002.

Bangkok Post: «Prem becomes Regent pro tempore» 14 October 2016.

Bangkok Post: «Crown Prince becomes King», 1 December 2016.

BBC News . Obituary of King Hassan II 24 July 1999.

BBC News 3 June 2004: 'Profile: Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah'

BBC News 2 Nov 2004: Obituary of Sheikh Zayed (1918-2004), President of the United Arab Emirates 1971-2004

BBC News 1 August 2005: 'Profile: Saudi Prince Sultan'

BBC News 15 January 2006: 'Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Jaber dies'

BBC News 29 January 2006: 'Kuwait emir takes oath before MPs'

BBC News 28 May 2008: Nepal votes to abolish monarchy

BBC News 29 April 2015: Saudi Arabia's king announces new heirs to throne

BBC News 1 Dec 2016: «Thai Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn proclaimed king

BBC News 13 December 2016: Malaysia king: Sultan Muhammad V sworn in

BBC News 14 May 2017: Emmanuel Macron inauguration: French president vows new start

BBC News 21 June 2017: Saudi king's son Mohammed bin Salman is new crown prince

BBC News 30 April 2019: Emperor Akihito: Japanese monarch declares historic abdication

BBC News 29 September 2020: Kuwait Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Sabah dies aged 91

Aljazeera.com 30 September 2020: Kuwait swears in new emir after Sheikh Sabah’s death

Biograhy of HM King Norodom Sihamoni (official page)

Boletín Oficial del Estado No. 148/2014, 19 June 2014.

Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. I and II, London: Burke's, 1977 and 1980.

Buyers, Christopher, message (url http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=2eb80cd5.0411282334.18646ece%40posting.google.com&output=gplain doesn't work anylonger) at alt.talk.royalty 29 Nov 2004

Channel News Asia 14 October 2016: Sultan of Kelantan to be next King of Malaysia

The Daily Telegraph 15 May 2008: Sheikh Saad al-Sabah (obituary)

Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser Band XVI, 2001, Limburg an der Lahn, C.A.Starke Verlag, 2001.

The Government of Brunei Darussalem, Internet page, http://www.brunei.gov.bn/index.htm (now closed)

Henderson, Simon. After King Fahd. Succession in Saudi Arabia, 2nd. edition, Policy Papers No. 37, Washington D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995.

Heraldica.org, Internet page, http://www.heraldica.org/, including http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/monaco.htm

His Majesty King Hassan II, Internet page, http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/hismajesty/hismajesty.html (now closed)

History of the Royal House of Spain, Internet page, http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/bourbon/spain/spanhis.htm.

ICL - International Constitutional Law, Internet page, http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/index.html.

Imperial Family of Japan (unofficial page), Internet page, http://www.japaneseimperialfamily.net/ (now closed)

In memoriam: His Majesty King Hassan II, Internet page, http://www.usa-morocco.org/moulay-hassan.htm.

The Khaleej Times 2 November 2004

Khaleej Times (AP) 15 January 2006: Kuwaiti emir dies at age 79, crown prince will assume duties

Kuenselonline.com 15 December 2006: His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck becomes the fifth Druk Gyalpo

Kuenselonline.com 15 December 2006: Royal Kasho

KUNA 24 January 2006, 'Parliament votes unanimously for relieving H.H. the Amir from leadership' (url http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=807912 closed)

Kyodo News 3 Nov 2006: Malaysia names Sultan Mizan next king (url http://asia.news.yahoo.com/061103/kyodo/d8l5g8i00.html now closed)

Maclean, Veronica. Crowned heads. Kings, Sultans and Emperors: A Royal Quest, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1993.

Matangi Tonga 11 September 2006: 'HM King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV passes away'

Neville --, contribution «Re: Andorra: The Bishop of Urgell, Co-Prince of Andorra», the European Royals Message Board, http://members3.boardhost.com/EuropeanRoyals, 1 June 2002.

New Strait Times 13 December 2011: 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong sworn in

Omanet.com, Internet page, http://www.omanet.com/his_majesty_sultan.htm (now closed).

Osborne, Milton. Sihanouk. Prince of light, prince of darkness, St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1994.

Pacific Magazine 11 September 2006 (url http://www.pacificislands.cc/news/2006/09/11/tonga-official-notice-of-kings-passing now closed): 'Tonga Official Notice Of King's Passing'

Pacific Magazine Monday 18 June 2007 (url http://www.pacificmagazine.net/news/2007/06/18/samoa-head-of-state-announced now closed).

Palais Princier de Monaco. News. Princely births 10 December 2014.

The Parliament of Samoa

The Peninsula 6 August 2003.

Présidence de la République Française, Internet page, http://www.elysee.fr/

Profile of King Fahd, Internet page of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia London, http://www.saudiembassy.org.uk/government-information/profile-of-king-fahd/the-reign-of-king-fahd.htm (now closed)

Petra News Agency, press release 28 Nov 2004 (url http://207.228.233.96/nepras/2004/Nov/28/22568900.htm now closed)

11 Sept 2006: Proclamation by the Government of Tonga (Accession of King George Tupou V) (url http://www.pmo.gov.to/artman/publish/article_172.shtml now closed)

The Royal Ark

Rulers.org, among others news 6 May 2012

The Samoa Observer 13 May 2007: On the passing away of His Highness, the Head of State, Susuga Malietoa Tanumafili II (url http://www.samoaobserver.ws/local/LNPages/0507/1107ln002.htm now closed)

Samoa News 20 June 2007.

Saudiembassy.net. News: Royal Court announces death of King Abdullah; Crown Prince Salman proclaimed King (22 January 2015 (EST)).

Saudiembassy.net. News: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz named Crown Prince (22 January 2015 (EST)).

HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum's Official Website. News 7 January 2006

The Star 25 April, 26 April, 2 Jun 2002 (Malaysian newspaper).

The Star 3 Nov 2006: Sultan of Terengganu elected next Agong

The Star 13 Dec 2006: Sultan Mizan sworn in as 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong

Stevenson, William. The Revolutionary King. The True-Life Sequel to The King and I, London: Robinson, 1999 (biography of King Bhumibol of Thailand).

Tarraconense.org (url http://www.tarraconense.org/cast/obispos/vives-sicilia.htm now closed)

The Times 16 and 19 Jan 1996, 8 March 1999.

The Times of Oman 11 January 2020: His Majesty Sultan Qaboos passes away: Royal Court statement The Times of Oman 11 January 2020: His Majesty Haitham bin Tariq sworn in as new Sultan of Oman Tonga Royal Palace Site (Official website of the Tongan Monarchy)

Tonga Government Portal. Ministry of Information & Communication, press release 19 March 2012: Announcing of the Passing Away of a Monarch, King George Tupou V of Tonga

http://www.uae.gov.ae/ (United Arab Emirates Official Government Page)

Vatican News Services 25 June 2001.

Vatican News Services 12 May 2003.

WAM (Emirates News Agency) 3 Nov 2004, (url http://wam.org.ae/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews&c=WamLocEnews&cid=1099484874195&p=1041248621847 now closed)

• Hoelseth's Royal Corner. General

• Hoelseth's Royal Corner

• The main site

This page was last updated on Wednesday 30 September 2020
(first time published at http://www.geocities.com/dagtho/reigns.html on Tuesday 4 June 2002).

© 2002–2020 Dag Trygsland Hoelseth